Difference between revisions of "Hazam language"

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{{WIP}}
 
{{Infobox
 
{{Infobox
 
  | above = Hazam
 
  | above = Hazam
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  | image1  =  
 
  | image1  =  
 
  | caption1=  
 
  | caption1=  
−
  | headerstyle  = background:#0072E6;
+
  | headerstyle  = background:#3399ff;
 
  | label3 = Native to |data3 = {{nation|Hazamaeia}}
 
  | label3 = Native to |data3 = {{nation|Hazamaeia}}
−
  | label4 = Ethnicity |data4 = Hasnunians
+
  | label4 = Ethnicity |data4 = Hazamaeians<br/>Hasnunians
 
  | label5 = Region |data5 = [[Nimtahe]] (northeastern)
 
  | label5 = Region |data5 = [[Nimtahe]] (northeastern)
 
  | label6 = Native speaker |data6 = 10.7 million (2011 est.)
 
  | label6 = Native speaker |data6 = 10.7 million (2011 est.)
 
  | label7 = {{wp|Language family}} |data7 = Northeastern Nimtahe
 
  | label7 = {{wp|Language family}} |data7 = Northeastern Nimtahe
−
*Hasnu-Fostralaque
+
*Hasnu-Fostralaq
 
**Hasnunian
 
**Hasnunian
 
  | label8 = {{wp|Writing system}} |data8 = [[Hazamaeian Cyrillic]]
 
  | label8 = {{wp|Writing system}} |data8 = [[Hazamaeian Cyrillic]]
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  | header10 = Official status
 
  | header10 = Official status
 
  | label11 = Official language in |data11 = {{flagicon|Hazamaeia}} {{nation|Hazamaeia}}
 
  | label11 = Official language in |data11 = {{flagicon|Hazamaeia}} {{nation|Hazamaeia}}
−
  | label12 = Regulated by |data12 = Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (DNRQH)
+
  | label12 = {{wp|List of language regulators|Regulated by}} |data12 = Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (DNRQH)
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
The '''Hazam language''' ('''Хазамска''', Fihanta transliteration: ''Hazamska'') is a language from the northeastern region of the world of Nimtahe. It is the {{wp|Official language|national language}} and the sole language of federal administration of {{nation|Hazamaeia}}. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million native Hazam speaker&mdash;mostly concentrated in the Hazamaeian states of [[Hasnunia]], [[Votskad]], and [[Plovossnaia]]&mdash;with about 40 million other as second language speakers.
 
The '''Hazam language''' ('''Хазамска''', Fihanta transliteration: ''Hazamska'') is a language from the northeastern region of the world of Nimtahe. It is the {{wp|Official language|national language}} and the sole language of federal administration of {{nation|Hazamaeia}}. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million native Hazam speaker&mdash;mostly concentrated in the Hazamaeian states of [[Hasnunia]], [[Votskad]], and [[Plovossnaia]]&mdash;with about 40 million other as second language speakers.
 +
 +
Hazam is nicknamed "the Language of All-Tongue" in Hazamaeia due to its many consonants.
  
 
==Classificaton==
 
==Classificaton==
Line 25: Line 28:
  
 
===Dialects===
 
===Dialects===
−
There are a number of Hazam dialects: Hasnunian, Upper Rtav, Ndosian, Mountain, Norther Mountains, Upper Plovossnaia, Lower Plovossnaia, and Upper Fostralaq. Dialects mostly differ in words rather than pronunciation. The dialect used for the national language is a standardized Hasnunian dialect.
+
There are a number of Hazam dialects: Hasnunian, Upper Rtav, Ndosian, Mountain, Norther Mountains, Upper Plovossnaia, Lower Plovossnaia, and Upper Fostralaq. Dialects mostly differ in words rather than pronunciation. The dialect used for the national language is a standardized formal Hasnunian dialect.
  
 
==Usage==
 
==Usage==
−
Hazam has the official status in all of the states and provinces in Hazamaeia. The standardized dialect is regulated by the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (Hazam: DNRQH) of the Minister of Science, Education, and Culture.
+
[[File:Koprinka.JPG|thumb|250px|A district name sign in Hazam.]]
 +
Hazam has the official status in all of the states and provinces in Hazamaeia. The standardized form is regulated by the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (Hazam: DNRQH) of the [[Ministry of Science, Education, and Culture (Hazamaeia)|Ministry of Science, Education, and Culture]]. It is among the tested subjects in the final exam of elementary, middle, and high school. Foreigners who wish to be naturalized need to pass a Hazam language exam.
  
−
According to 2011 estimation from the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages, there are about 10,659,512 native speakers nationwide, mostly live in the northeastern part of the country where the language is native to. 40 million people are estimated to use it as their second language.
+
According to 2011 estimation from the national office, there are about 10,659,512 native speakers nationwide, mostly live in the northeastern part of the country where the language is native to. 40 million others are estimated to use it as their second language.
  
 
==Phonology==
 
==Phonology==
 +
===Consonants===
 
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
 
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
 
|-
 
|-
 
!&nbsp;
 
!&nbsp;
 
!{{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
 
!{{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
 +
!{{wp|Labio-dental consonant|Labio-<br>dental}}
 +
!{{wp|Dental consonant|Dental}}
 
!{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
 
!{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
−
!{{wp|Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar}}
+
!{{wp|Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar}}
 +
!{{wp|Retroflex consonant|Retroflex}}
 +
!{{wp|Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br>palatal}}
 +
!{{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}}
 
!{{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
 
!{{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
 
!{{wp|Uvular consonant|Uvular}}
 
!{{wp|Uvular consonant|Uvular}}
 
!{{wp|Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal}}
 
!{{wp|Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal}}
 
!{{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
 
!{{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
 +
!{{wp|Sibilant#Whistled sibilants|Whistled}}
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Nasal stop|Nasal}}
 
!{{wp|Nasal stop|Nasal}}
 
|{{IPA|m}}
 
|{{IPA|m}}
−
|{{IPA|n}}
 
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 +
|{{IPA|n}}
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
 +
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 
|&nbsp;
 +
|&nbsp;
 +
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Plosive}}
 
!{{wp|Plosive}}
−
|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{IPA|b}} <br />{{IPA|pʼ}} {{IPA|pː}}
+
|{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
−
|{{IPA|tʰ}} {{IPA|d}} <br />{{IPA|tʼ}} {{IPA|tː}}
+
|&nbsp;
 +
|&nbsp;
 +
|{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
 +
|&nbsp;
 +
|&nbsp;
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{IPA|ɡ}}<br />{{IPA|kʼ}} {{IPA|xk}}
+
|{{IPA|c}}
−
|{{IPA|qʰ}} <br />{{IPA|qʼ}} {{IPA|qː}}
+
|{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
−
|{{IPA|ʢ}}
+
|{{IPA|q}}
 +
|&nbsp;
 
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
 
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Sibilant consonant|Sibilant}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|s z
 +
|ʃ ʒ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|s͎
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Fricative consonant|Non-sibilant<br>fricative}}
 +
|β
 +
|f {{IPA|v}}
 +
|θ ð
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʝ
 +
|x
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|h ɦ
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
 +
|
 +
|ʋ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ɻ
 +
|
 +
|j
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʢ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Trill consonant|Trill}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|r
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Lateral consonant|Lateral}} approximant
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|l
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ʎ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
!{{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}}
 
!{{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}}
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|tsʰ}} {{IPA|dz}} <br />{{IPA|tsʼ}} {{IPA|sː}}
 
−
|{{IPA|tʃʰ}} {{IPA|dʒ}} <br />{{IPA|tʃʼ}}
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ts
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|dʒ tʃ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
Nearly any consonant can be an ejective.
 +
 +
===Vowels===
 +
{| class="wikitable" width="30%"
 +
|-
 +
!&nbsp;
 +
!{{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
 +
!{{wp|Near-front vowel|Near-<br>front}}
 +
!{{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
 +
!{{wp|Near-back vowel|Near-<br>back}}
 +
!{{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
+
!{{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
−
| {{IPA|v}}
+
|i y
−
|{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}
+
|
−
|{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}
+
|ɨ ʉ
−
| colspan=2|{{IPA|x}} {{IPA|ʁ}}
+
|
−
|{{IPA|ʜ}}
+
|ɯ u
−
|{{IPA|h}}
+
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
+
!{{wp|Near-close vowel|Near-close}}
 
|
 
|
−
| {{IPA|r}} {{IPA|r̥}} <sup>1</sup>
+
|ɪ
 
|
 
|
 +
|ʊ
 
|
 
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Close-mid vowel|Close-mid}}
 +
|e
 
|
 
|
 +
|ɘ
 +
|
 +
|ɤ o
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ə
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="text-align:center;"
−
!{{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
+
!{{wp|Open-mid vowel|Open-mid}}
 +
|ɛ œ
 
|
 
|
−
|{{IPA|l}}
 
−
|{{IPA|j}}
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ʌ ɔ
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Near-open vowel|Near-open}}
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|ɐ
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|- style="text-align:center;"
 +
!{{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
 +
|a
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|ɑ
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Category:Languages]]
+
[a], [e], [i], [o], and [u] may appear as {{wp|long vowels}} ([:]). Not all of the vowels are represented with a single letter. [ʌ] is written with cluster ''ао''.
 +
 
 +
==Grammar==
 +
Hazam does not have cases other than {{wp|genitive case|genitive}} in pronouns. Affixes are present and are primary in determining what form the word is. Words are divided into root words and derivative words. Derivative words are suffixed words and thus usually have different meaning than their respective root words. Root words are usually nouns or does not have any meaning at all. Root words which are not nouns are called perfect words (Миӽалкасї тумара-аӽ, ''Mikhalkasiy tumara'akh'') in which they can be adjective, verb, adverb, etc. Words such as preposition, interjection, conjunction, and numbers are not perfect words. Hazam uses [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]] (subject–verb–object) word order.
 +
 
 +
There are several affixes in Hazam, each has its own further derivation and meaning. ''-iy'' (-ї) is used for adejctives. ''-e'' (-ѝ) is used for verb. ''-yik'' is used for adverb. ''-voka'' is used to form a more advanced noun of the root word. ''-ran'' indicates a person that does something to the root word. ''-or'' is used for devices that do something related to the root word. ''lam-'' is used for words whose meaning similar to "way". ''sa-'' is used to indicate large amount.
 +
 
 +
===Example===
 +
The derivations of the word "ҥару" (''ngaru'').
 +
 
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
! Hazam !! Fihanta translit. !! Meanings
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруѝ || ngarue || to eat/eating
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруин || ngaruin || eat <small>(PRES)</small>
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруис || ngaruis || be eaten <small>(PASS.PRES)</small>
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруид || ngaruid || ate <small>(PST)</small>
 +
|-
 +
| ҥарувока || ngaruvoka || food
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруї || ngaruiy || edible
 +
|-
 +
| ҥаруина || ngaruina || eat <small>(IMP)</small>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==Alphabet==
 +
Hazam uses the [[Hazameian Cyrillic]] alphabet, the Hazamaeian version of the {{wp|Cyrillic}} script of the Earth.
 +
 
 +
<!-- {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; text-align:center; clear:both;" width=70%
 +
|-
 +
! colspan=12 style="font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | Letters of the Hazamaeian Cyrillic alphabet
 +
|-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|A (Cyrillic)|<big>А</big><br /><small>Aen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Be (Cyrillic)|<big>Б</big><br /><small>Béen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Ve (Cyrillic)|<big>В</big><br /><small>Veén</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Ge (Cyrillic)|<big>Г</big><br /><small>Géen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|De (Cyrillic)|<big>Д</big><br /><small>Déen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Ze (Cyrillic)|<big>З</big><br /><small>Zéen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|I (Cyrillic)|<big>И</big><br /><small>Ien</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Short I|<big>Й</big><br /><small>Iy</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|I with grave (Cyrillic)|<big>Ѝ</big><br /><small>Eén</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Ka (Cyrillic)|<big>К</big><br /><small>Kéen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|El (Cyrillic)|<big>Л</big><br /><small>Léen</small>}}
 +
| style="width:7%;"| {{wp|Em (Cyrillic)|<big>М</big><br /><small>Méen</small>}}
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| {{wp|En (Cyrillic)|<big>Н</big><br /><small>Nen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|En-ghe (Cyrillic)|<big>Ҥ</big><br /><small>Ngen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|En with hook|<big>Ӈ</big><br /><small>Nyen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|O (Cyrillic)|<big>О</big><br /><small>Oen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Pe (Cyrillic)|<big>П</big><br /><small>Péen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Er (Cyrillic)|<big>Р</big><br /><small>Réen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Er with tick|<big>Ҏ</big><br /><small>Rlréen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Es (Cyrillic)|<big>С</big><br /><small>Séen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|The (Cyrillic)|<big>Ҫ</big><br /><small>Céen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Te (Cyrillic)|<big>Т</big><br /><small>Téen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|U (Cyrillic)|<big>У</big><br /><small>Uen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Izhitsa|<big>Ѵ</big><br /><small>Fsa</small>}}
 +
|-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
 +
| {{wp|Ef (Cyrillic)|<big>Ф</big><br /><small>Féen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Je (Cyrillic)|<big>Ј</big><br /><small>Jéen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Qa (Cyrillic)|<big>Ԛ</big><br /><small>Qéen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|We (Cyrillic)|<big>Ԝ</big><br /><small>Wn</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Kha (Cyrillic)|<big>Х</big><br /><small>Han</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Kha with hook|<big>Ӽ</big><br /><small>Khaen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Tse (Cyrillic)|<big>Ц</big><br /><small>Tséen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Che (Cyrillic)|<big>Ч</big><br /><small>Chéen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Shcha|<big>Щ</big><br /><small>Shaen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Yer|<big>Ъ</big><br /><small>Hard&nbsp;sign (Kiov)</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Soft sign|<big>Ь</big><br /><small>`Aen</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|E (Cyrillic)|<big>Э</big><br /><small>Éen</small>}}
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| {{wp|Schwa (Cyrillic)|<big>Ә</big><br /><small>Ean</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Schwa with diaeresis|<big>Ӛ</big><br /><small>Euan</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Ya (Cyrillic)|<big>Я</big><br /><small>Ya</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Ye (Cyrillic)|<big>Е</big><br /><small>Yé</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Ye with grave|<big>Ѐ</big><br /><small>Ye</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Ye with breve|<big>Ӗ</big><br /><small>Yeu</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Yo (Cyrillic)|<big>Ё</big><br /><small>Yo</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Yery|<big>Ы</big><br /><small>Yi</small>}}
 +
| {{wp|Yu (Cyrillic)|<big>Ю</big><br /><small>Yu</small>}}
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| colspan=12 style="font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | Clusters
 +
|-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;"
 +
| <big>Кн</big>
 +
| <big>Кс</big>
 +
| <big>Кт</big>
 +
| <big>Нм</big>
 +
| <big>Јя</big><br/><small>[ʝa]</small>
 +
| <big>Је</big><br/><small>[ʝe]</small>
 +
| <big>Јѐ</big><br/><small>[ʝə]</small>
 +
| <big>Јӗ</big><br/><small>[ʝɤ]</small>
 +
| <big>Јё</big><br/><small>[ʝo]</small>
 +
| <big>Јы</big><br/><small>[ʝi]</small>
 +
| <big>Јю</big><br/><small>[ʝu]</small>
 +
|
 +
|-  style="vertical-align:top;"
 +
| colspan=12 style="font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | Diphthongs
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| <big>Аи</big>
 +
| <big>Ао</big>
 +
| <big>Ау</big>
 +
| <big>Аэ</big>
 +
| <big>Аэи</big>
 +
| <big>Аә</big>
 +
| <big>Аәи</big>
 +
| <big>Ио</big>
 +
| <big>Иу</big>
 +
| <big>Иэ</big>
 +
| <big>Ои</big>
 +
| <big>Оу</big>
 +
|-  style="vertical-align:top;"
 +
| <big>Оэ</big>
 +
| <big>Оә</big>
 +
|}
 +
-->
 +
 
 +
==Sample text==
 +
''Article 1 of the {{wp|Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}.''
 +
 
 +
:Самаӽлувине варамирид хивтаїик ђе тас агъенаї ар масђа ђе ревона. Саил кдемис каогата ђе щимса ђе саил аи ԛуарфанксин ксинире ар ваетад лаутемисемаа.
 +
:''Samakhluviné varamirid hivtayik jé tas aghénaiy ar masja jé revona. Sail kdémis kaogata jé shimsa jé sail ai quarfanksin ksiniré ar vaétad lautémisémaa.''
 +
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Languages of Hazamaeia]]
 +
[[Category:Culture of Hazamaeia]]
 +
[[Category:Northeastern Nimtahe language group]]

Latest revision as of 09:14, 22 February 2015

This page is a work in progress by its author(s) and should not be considered final.
Hazam
Хазамска
Native to Hazamaeia
Ethnicity Hazamaeians
Hasnunians
Region Nimtahe (northeastern)
Native speaker 10.7 million (2011 est.)
Language family

Northeastern Nimtahe

  • Hasnu-Fostralaq
    • Hasnunian
Writing system Hazamaeian Cyrillic
Code hz
hzm
Official status
Official language in Hazamaeia Hazamaeia
Regulated by Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (DNRQH)

The Hazam language (Хазамска, Fihanta transliteration: Hazamska) is a language from the northeastern region of the world of Nimtahe. It is the national language and the sole language of federal administration of Hazamaeia. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million native Hazam speaker—mostly concentrated in the Hazamaeian states of Hasnunia, Votskad, and Plovossnaia—with about 40 million other as second language speakers.

Hazam is nicknamed "the Language of All-Tongue" in Hazamaeia due to its many consonants.

Classificaton

Hazam is an agglutinative language. It is with Fostralaque and several other languages in Galnayuk and Lugudia in the Northeastern Nimtahe language family.

Dialects

There are a number of Hazam dialects: Hasnunian, Upper Rtav, Ndosian, Mountain, Norther Mountains, Upper Plovossnaia, Lower Plovossnaia, and Upper Fostralaq. Dialects mostly differ in words rather than pronunciation. The dialect used for the national language is a standardized formal Hasnunian dialect.

Usage

File:Koprinka.JPG
A district name sign in Hazam.

Hazam has the official status in all of the states and provinces in Hazamaeia. The standardized form is regulated by the Hazamaeian National Office of Writing Systems and Languages (Hazam: DNRQH) of the Ministry of Science, Education, and Culture. It is among the tested subjects in the final exam of elementary, middle, and high school. Foreigners who wish to be naturalized need to pass a Hazam language exam.

According to 2011 estimation from the national office, there are about 10,659,512 native speakers nationwide, mostly live in the northeastern part of the country where the language is native to. 40 million others are estimated to use it as their second language.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Labio-
dental 		Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Retroflex Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal Whistled
Nasal m     n   ɲ ŋ      
Plosive p b     t d     c k ɡ q   ʔ
Sibilant s z ʃ ʒ s͎
Non-sibilant
fricative 		β f v θ ð ʝ x h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɻ j ʢ
Trill r
Lateral approximant l ʎ
Affricate ts dʒ tʃ

Nearly any consonant can be an ejective.

Vowels

  Front Near-
front 		Central Near-
back 		Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e ɘ ɤ o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ʌ ɔ
Near-open ɐ
Open a ɑ

[a], [e], [i], [o], and [u] may appear as long vowels ([:]). Not all of the vowels are represented with a single letter. [ʌ] is written with cluster ао.

Grammar

Hazam does not have cases other than genitive in pronouns. Affixes are present and are primary in determining what form the word is. Words are divided into root words and derivative words. Derivative words are suffixed words and thus usually have different meaning than their respective root words. Root words are usually nouns or does not have any meaning at all. Root words which are not nouns are called perfect words (Миӽалкасї тумара-аӽ, Mikhalkasiy tumara'akh) in which they can be adjective, verb, adverb, etc. Words such as preposition, interjection, conjunction, and numbers are not perfect words. Hazam uses SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

There are several affixes in Hazam, each has its own further derivation and meaning. -iy (-ї) is used for adejctives. -e (-ѝ) is used for verb. -yik is used for adverb. -voka is used to form a more advanced noun of the root word. -ran indicates a person that does something to the root word. -or is used for devices that do something related to the root word. lam- is used for words whose meaning similar to "way". sa- is used to indicate large amount.

Example

The derivations of the word "ҥару" (ngaru).

Hazam Fihanta translit. Meanings
ҥаруѝ ngarue to eat/eating
ҥаруин ngaruin eat (PRES)
ҥаруис ngaruis be eaten (PASS.PRES)
ҥаруид ngaruid ate (PST)
ҥарувока ngaruvoka food
ҥаруї ngaruiy edible
ҥаруина ngaruina eat (IMP)

Alphabet

Hazam uses the Hazameian Cyrillic alphabet, the Hazamaeian version of the Cyrillic script of the Earth.


Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Самаӽлувине варамирид хивтаїик ђе тас агъенаї ар масђа ђе ревона. Саил кдемис каогата ђе щимса ђе саил аи ԛуарфанксин ксинире ар ваетад лаутемисемаа.
Samakhluviné varamirid hivtayik jé tas aghénaiy ar masja jé revona. Sail kdémis kaogata jé shimsa jé sail ai quarfanksin ksiniré ar vaétad lautémisémaa.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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